Arpit Mishra

Computer programming languages are often confusing for beginners, each with its own dialect and vernacular.

And every programming language has its own set of syntax and code to write. So how to chose a programming language to learn?

With computer programming languages ranging from 67-year-old Assembly language to the young Ruby language.

And you know what? Every language has its own presence in the computer programming world.

Even a brief glance at the list of programming languages available gives one a nightmare. But for now, knowing the top programming languages to learn will help.

But then which is the best computer programming languages for beginners? or which programming language to learn first?

I decided to shortlist the most commonly used computer programming languages for beginners and make a complete guide to it.

Hope the list helps you.

Check this computer programming deck for dummies before you read further about each of them in detail.

This will help you with a quick glance over each programming language.

• Assembly Language

  Learn more

  It was developed as a shorthand to machine language so that you don’t only have to remember 0’s and 1’s while coding.

  Today, Assembly languages are used to access a specialized processor or address critical performance issues by direct hardware manipulation.

  Typically, they are used in low-level embedded and real-time systems.

  If you want to program a processor, the assembly language may not be necessary, but it is invaluable.

  Major Organization Users: IBM, Apple

• C++ Language

  Learn more

  It is a middle-level, general purpose language. C++ brings in the feature of being object-oriented compared with its predecessor C.

  C++ is popular in areas where graphical representation is required like that for Windows and Macintosh.

  C++ has a rich function library and is a highly portable language.

  Here is beginners guide to C++ - C++ language tutorial

  Major Organization Users: Google, Mozilla, Firefox, Winamp, Adobe Software, Amazon, Lockheed Martin

• C Language

  Learn more

  It is a general-purpose programming language.

  C provides a construct to map assembly language to C and has been most popularly used for operations which had been previously coded in assembly languages, including operating systems.

  C is one of the most widely used languages and has been a great influence on its successors.

  Major Organization Users: Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Cisco, Raytheon

• Objective C

  Learn more

  It is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging in C language.

  Objective-C is one of the basic language used by Apple products and had been used in the development of iOS and OSX operating systems.

  Major Organization Users: Apple

• MATLAB

  Learn more

  It integrates computation and programming in an easy-to-use environment where most of the objectives are represented by mathematical notation.

  Matlab is a high-performance language and is typically used for mathematical computation and algorithm development.

  Major Organization Users: GE, Continental, Robert Bosch, Honeywell, Mercedes-Benz

• PERL

  Learn more

  It is a scripting language with syntax similar to C and has many features of UNIX. Programs written in Perl are called Perl script.

  Perl is an interpreted (not compiled) language that can optionally be compiled just before execution into either C code or cross-platform bytecode.

  Major Organizations Users: Apple, Yahoo, BBC, IMDB

• R

  Learn more

  It is a dialect of S language. R language is used for statistical computing and graphics.

  R is commonly used by statisticians and data miners for statistical and analysis.

  R comes as a free software package and is available under GNU General public license.

  Major Organizations Users: Google, GE, Dropbox

• Visual Basic

  Learn more

  It is a high-level language implemented on the .NET framework. VB was derived from BASIC, a user-friendly language designed for beginners.

  It enables the rapid application development (RAD) of graphical user interface (GUI) applications and access to databases using objects.

  Major Organizations Users: Microsoft

• PYTHON

  Learn more

  It is another interpreted language on this list. Developed as a general purpose language.

  Python design emphasizes code readability and helps the user express in fewer lines of codes.

  Major Organizations Users: Google, Pinterest, Instagram, YouTube, DropBox, NASA, ESRI

• PHP

  Learn more

  It is a scripting language used by users to create dynamic pages, which can be used further for transferring and submitting information on the web.

  You can connect with servers, databases, and external websites based on IP address or information available.

  PHP is one of the most commonly used scripting languages by web developers.

  Major Organizations Users: Facebook, Google, GE, Wordpress

• Javascript

  Learn more

  It is a high-level programming language. Along with HTML and CSS, Javascript is one of the core languages in the development of World Wide Web content production.

  Most of the websites support javascript without needing plugins.

  Javascript is also used in the non-web-based application like PDF and desktop widgets.

  Major Organizations Users: WordPress, Soundcloud, Linkedin, Groupon, Yahoo

• C#

  Learn more

  It is another language in the list of C languages. C# (pronounced as C-Sharp) is an object-oriented and component-oriented programming language.

  C# is one of the programming languages developed for common language infrastructure.

  Developers working on Windows prefer C# for developing applications and it turns out that C# is a big competitor to Java.

  Major Organizations Users: Any company dealing extensively with Windows

• CSS

  Learn more

  CSS or Cascading style sheet is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of documentation written in a markup language. Though often used for visual style up and user interface for HTML. CSS is a technology used by the most website to create visually engaging pages.

  Major Organizations Users: Apple, CyberCoders, Apex Systems

• Java

  Learn more

  It is often called the best programming language, amidst much debate. Java is a high-level language. It was intended to be “write once, run anywhere (WORA),” i.e., once the code is written, it could be used on any platform that uses Java. Java is used for client-server applications with more than 9 million developers using the platform.

  Major Organizations Users: V2COM, Eclipse Information Technologies, eBay, Eurotech

• Ruby

  Learn more

  It is one of the younger programming languages.

  Developed to increase productivity, Ruby is a server interpreted, non-compiled programming language.

  Ruby is used with Ruby on Rails for framework development.

  Major Organizations Users: Cybercoders, Amazon, EMC, Bloomberg

• SQL

  Learn more

  Though not considered a programming language listed under Alan Turing test of programming language, for now, SQL is one of the recruiter's favorite programming language.

  SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a special-purpose, domain-specific programming language used in programming and managing the database (DBMS).

  Often described as a declarative language, SQL also includes procedural elements.

  Despite being a standard in ANSI since 1986, most SQL code is not portable to among different database systems.

  Major Organizations Users: Facebook, Google, Adobe, Alcatel-Lucent

You can also read about these 13 rare and underrated programming skills to learn here

Even after reading many articles on Banker’s algorithm and Europe’s deadlock several times, I couldn’t get what they were about.

I didn’t understand how an algorithm could have solved with the debt crisis.

I realized I would have to go back to the basics of banking and figure out answers to these:

How do banks work? How do banks decide the loan amount? What is the Banker’s algorithm?

We will begin with the Banker’s algorithm, which will help you understand banking and “Deadlock.”

What is banker’s algorithm?

The Banker’s algorithm sometimes referred to as avoidance algorithm or Deadlock algorithm was developed by Edsger Dijkstra (another of Dijkstra’s algorithms!).

It tests the safety of allocation of predetermined maximum possible resources and then makes states to check the deadlock condition. (Wikipedia)

Banker’s algorithm explained

Let’s say you’ve got three friends (Chandler, Ross, and Joey) who need a loan to tide them over for a bit.

You have $24 with you.

Chandler needs $8 dollars, Ross needs $13, and Joey needs $10.

You already lent $6 to Chandler, $8 to Ross, and $7 to Joey.

So you are left with $24 – $21 (6+8+7) = $3

Even after giving $6 to Chandler, he still needs $2.Similarly, Ross needs $5 more and Joey $3.

Until they get the amount they need, they can neither do whatever tasks they have to nor return the amount they borrowed. (Like a true friend!)

You can pay $2 to Chandler, and wait for him to get his work done and then get back the entire $8.

Or, you can pay $3 to Joey and wait for him to pay you back after his task is done.

You can’t pay Ross because he needs $5 and you don’t have enough.

You can pay him once Chandler or Joey returns the borrowed amount after their work is done.

This state is termed as the safe state, where everyone’s task is completed and, eventually, you get all your money back.

The second scenario –Deadlock explained

Knowing Ross needs $10 urgently, instead of giving $8, you end up giving him $10.

And you are left with only $1.

In this state, Chandler still needs $2 more, Ross needs $3 more, and Joey still needs $3 more, but now you don’t have enough money to give them and until they complete the tasks they need the money for, no money will be transferred back to you.

This kind of situation is called the Unsafe state or Deadlock state, which is solved using Banker’s Algorithm.

Let’s get back to the previous safe state.

You give $2 to Chandler and let him complete his work.

He returns your $8 which leaves you with $9. Out of this $9, you can give $5 to Ross and let him finish his task with total $13 and then return the amount to you, which can be forwarded to Joey to eventually let him complete his task.

(Once all the tasks are done, you can take Ross and Joey to Central Perk for not giving them a priority.)

The goal of the Banker’s algorithm is to handle all requests without entering into the unsafe state, also called a deadlock.

The moneylender is left with not enough money to pay the borrower and none of the jobs are complete due to insufficient funds, leaving incomplete tasks and cash stuck as bad debt.

It’s called the Banker’s algorithm because it could be used in the banking system so that banks never run out of resources and always stay in a safe state.

Banker’s Algorithm

For the banker’s algorithm to work, it should know three things:

1. How much of each resource each person could maximum request [MAX]
2. How much of each resource each person currently holds [Allocated]
3. How much of each resource is available in the system for each person [Available]

So we need MAX and REQUEST.

If REQUEST is given MAX = ALLOCATED + REQUEST

NEED = MAX – ALLOCATED

A resource can be allocated only for a condition.

REQUEST<= AVAILABLE or else it waits until resources are available.

Let ‘n’ be the number of processes in the system and ‘m’ be the number of resource types.

• Available – It is a 1D array of size’m’. Available [j] = k means there are k occurrences of resource type Rj.
• Maximum – It is a 2D array of size ‘m*n’ which represents maximum demand of a section. Max[i,j] = k means that a process i can maximum demand ‘k’ amount of resources.
• Allocated – It is a 2D array of size ‘m*n’ which represents the number of resources allocated to each process. Allocation [i,j] =k means that a process is allocated ‘k’ amount of resources.
• Need – 2D array of size ‘m*n’. Need [i,j] = k means a maximum resource that could be allocated.
  • Need [i,j] = Max [i,j] – Allocation[i,j]

Take another Banker’s Algorithm example in the form of the table below

Where you have 4 processes, and 3 resources (A, B, C) to be allocated.

Process	Allocated			Maximum			Available			Need (Maximum Allocated)
	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
P1	0	1	0	7	5	3	3	3	2	7	4	3
P2	2	0	0	3	2	2				1	2	2
P3	4	0	1	9	0	4				5	0	3
P4	2	1	1	2	2	2				0	1	1

Need P2<Available, so we allocate resources to P2 first.

After P2 completion the table would look as

Process	Allocated			Maximum			Available			Need (Maximum Allocated)
	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
P1	0	1	0	7	5	3	5	3	2	7	4	3
P3	4	0	1	9	0	4				5	0	3
P4	2	1	1	2	2	2				0	1	1

Need P4<Available, so we allocate resources to P4.

After P4 completion

Process	Allocated			Maximum			Available			Need (Maximum Allocated)
	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C	A	B	C
P1	0	1	0	7	5	3	7	4	3	7	4	3
P3	4	0	1	9	0	4				5	0	3

And P3 will be allocated before P1, which gives us the sequence P2, P4, P3, and P1 without getting into deadlock.

A state is considered safe if it is able to finish all processing tasks.

Banker’s algorithm using C++

#include <iostream>
#define MAX 20
using namespace std;

class bankers
{
    private:
        int al[MAX][MAX],m[MAX][MAX],n[MAX][MAX],avail[MAX];
        int nop,nor,k,result[MAX],pnum,work[MAX],finish[MAX];

    public:
        bankers();
        void input();
        void method();
        int search(int);
        void display();
};

bankers::bankers()
{
    k=0;
    for(int i=0;i<MAX;i++)
    {
        for(int j=0;j<MAX;j++)
        {
            al[i][j]=0;
            m[i][j]=0;
            n[i][j]=0;
        }
        avail[i]=0;
        result[i]=0;
        finish[i]=0;
    }
}

void bankers::input()
{
    int i,j;
    cout << "Enter the number of processes:";
    cin >> nop;
    cout << "Enter the number of resources:";
    cin >> nor;
    cout << "Enter the allocated resources for each process: " << endl;
    for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
    {
        cout<<"\nProcess "<<i;
        for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
        {
            cout<<"\nResource "<<j<<":";
            cin>>al[i][j];
        }
    }
    cout<<"Enter the maximum resources that are needed for each process: "<<endl;
    for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
    {
        cout<<"\nProcess "<<i;
        for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
        {
            cout<<"\nResouce "<<j<<":";
            cin>>m[i][j];
            n[i][j]=m[i][j]-al[i][j];
        }
    }
    cout << "Enter the currently available resources in the system: ";
    for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
    {
        cout<<"Resource "<<j<<":";
        cin>>avail[j];
        work[j]=-1;
    }
    for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
        finish[i]=0;
}

void bankers::method()
{
    int i=0,j,flag;
    while(1)
    {
        if(finish[i]==0)
        {
            pnum =search(i);
            if(pnum!=-1)
            {
                result[k++]=i;
                finish[i]=1;
                for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
                {
                    avail[j]=avail[j]+al[i][j];
                }
            }
        }
        i++;
        if(i==nop)
        {
            flag=0;
            for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
                if(avail[j]!=work[j])

            flag=1;
            for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
                work[j]=avail[j];

            if(flag==0)
                break;
            else
                i=0;
        }
    }
}

int bankers::search(int i)
{
    int j;
    for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
        if(n[i][j]>avail[j])
            return -1;
    return 0;
}

void bankers::display()
{
    int i,j;
    cout<<endl<<"OUTPUT:";
    cout<<endl<<"========";
    cout<<endl<<"PROCESS\t     ALLOTED\t     MAXIMUM\t     NEED";
    for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
    {
        cout<<"\nP"<<i+1<<"\t     ";
        for(j=0;j<nor;j++)
        {
            cout<<al[i][j]<<"  ";
        }
        cout<<"\t     ";
        for (j=0;j<nor;j++)
        {
            cout<<m[i][j]<<"  ";
        }
        cout<<"\t     ";
        for(j=0;j<nor;j++ )
        {
            cout<<n[i][j]<<"  ";
        }
    }
    cout<<"\nThe sequence of the safe processes are: \n";
    for(i=0;i<k;i++)
    {
        int temp = result[i]+1 ;
        cout<<"P"<<temp<<" ";
    }
    cout<<"\nThe sequence of unsafe processes are: \n";
    int flg=0;
    for (i=0;i<nop;i++)
    {
        if(finish[i]==0)
        {
        flg=1;
        }
        cout<<"P"<<i<<" ";
    }
    cout<<endl<<"RESULT:";
    cout<<endl<<"=======";
    if(flg==1)
        cout<<endl<<"The system is not in safe state and deadlock may occur!!";
    else
        cout<<endl<<"The system is in safe state and deadlock will not occur!!";
}

int main()
{
    cout<<" DEADLOCK BANKER’S ALGORITHM "<<endl;
    bankers B;
    B.input ( );
    B.method ( );
    B.display ( );
}

If you understood the process, congratulations on being a non-certified banker of the nation!

Toward the end of the 19th century, Russia-born Polish economist, Ladislaus Bortkiewicz came up with a strategy to predict the incidence of deaths among Prussian soldiers from horse kicks.

And he did this how? He applied the Poisson distribution. It ended becoming a famous example by the way.

Fast forward a bit...

Poisson distribution can be used in many scenarios—importantly and interestingly in betting.

Sports betting is a global phenomenon, and it is estimated that this industry is worth between $700bn and $1tn globally.

And football betting is most popular among all sports.

But how does football betting odds work? how are football betting odds calculated?

It's difficult to believe that a simple mathematical equation - Poisson distribution is used to calculate the odds for a football match.

Betting on a team winning or losing is done based on the calculation explaining the sports betting across a globe.

What is 'Football betting odds' and how they define bets?

[caption id="attachment_5252" align="aligncenter" width="911"] Image Source: Bet365[/caption]

If you've ever tried placing a few pounds on your favorite team, you would have noticed these confusing numbers in front of you.

These numbers are called 'odds' and they define the probabilities of each possible outcome in an event.

The higher the value of these numbers, the less probable that particular event is.

Take the Real Madrid vs Roma match above as an example.

Since the probability of Madrid winning is higher, the odds against them winning is just 1.40. A draw, which is more unlikely, has odds of 4.75.

And the odds of a highly unlikely Roma win in 7.00.



How do these numbers impact your bet amount and their returns?

Simple. In the above example, if you bet 1 pound on a Real Madrid win and win the bet, you get back a total of 1.40 pounds (inclusive of the 1 pound that you originally bet).

Which is why winning bets on more unlikely events (like a Roma victory) gets you bigger returns.

In this case, you would have got back 7 pounds for every pound you bet on Roma if they ended up winning.

Let us now see how do bookmakers calculate football betting odds using a simple Poisson Distribution equation.

What is Poisson distribution?

“Poisson distribution is the probability of the number of events that occur in a given interval when the expected number of events is known and the events occur independently of one another.”

For instance, suppose you sit in a park for a few days and count the number of people who come to the park in a black T-shirt.

Using Poisson distribution, you can guess if the number of people coming to the park on a specific day in a black t-shirt will be 10, 11, etc.

But how does it relate to football betting odds prediction?

If you are able to calculate the average attack and defense strength of the teams in a match over a certain period and calculate the Poisson distribution, you will be able to predict the odds of one team performing over other.

But if the data is too long the data would be irrelevant, and if it's short, outliers might skew the data.

This means that not only external factors like transfers, home, and away from ground affect the odds, but also the duration of events which need to be taken into consideration for calculation.

Let’s see how football betting odds work using Poisson distribution

Before we apply Poisson, we need to get some mathematical figures.

Let’s use this method to calculate the odds for the Manchester United vs. Manchester City matches to be played on February 26, 2017.

First, we need to find the attack and defense strength of these teams.

Calculating Average Attack and Defense for prediction

Before we identify a particular team strength and weakness, we need to find the average strength and weakness of all teams in the last playing season.

This can be calculated by dividing the total goals scored in particular season by a total number of games played in a particular season.

• Number of Goals Scored at Home / Number of Games = 203/380 = 0.534
• Number of Goals Scored Away / Number of Games = 158/380 = 0.415

The difference from the values above gives the “Attack intensity” of a team.

We will also need an average of goals conceded to know the weakness, which is simply the inverse of goals scored.

The average number of goals conceded at Home = 0.415

The average number of goals conceded away = 0.534

This gives us the “ Defense intensity” of a team.

Now that we have the average strength and weakness of the teams, let's take a look at the stats for Manchester United and Manchester City in 2015.

Based on these stats, we can calculate the Poisson distribution for the teams playing in February 2017, where Manchester United is the away team and Manchester City is the home team.

[caption id="attachment_5249" align="aligncenter" width="3509"] 2015 Statistics - Manchester United vs Manchester City[/caption]

Predicting Manchester United Goals

Let’s see the possibility of Manchester United scoring at Manchester City’s home ground.

Number of Goals scored away = 22/19 = 1.15

Manchester United Goals = Number of goals scored/Season’s average goals scored away = 1.36/0.415 = 2.77

Manchester City Defense at home

This is calculated by dividing the number of goals conceded at home in the last season by the home team by the number of away games, which is 1.105 ( (21/19).

Manchester City Goals = Number of goals conceded/ Season’s average goals conceded = 1.105/0.415 = 2.66

Manchester United’s Goals = Manchester United’s Attack? Manchester City Defense? Average Number of Goals = 3.05

Predicting Manchester City Goals

Manchester City Attack at Home

Manchester City = Number of Goals scored home - 47/19 = 2.47

Manchester City Goals = Number of goals scored/Average goals scored in the last season =2.47/0.534 = 4.62

Manchester United Defense away

Take the number of goals conceded away last season by the away team and divide by the number of away games, which is equal to 1.05 ((20/19).

Manchester United Goals = Number of goals conceded/Average goals conceded in the last season =1.05/0.534 =1.966

Manchester City’s Goals = Manchester City’s Attack? Manchester United’s Defense? Average No. Goals = 1.10

Once we have the averages of Manchester United’s goals and Manchester City’s goals, we can use them to calculate the Poisson distribution for a number of goals scored by a particular team . (various goals possibilities).

Poisson Distribution betting – Predicting multiple match outcomes

The formula for Poisson distribution is:

P(x; ?) = (e-?) (?x) / x!

e = Euler’s constant = 2.718

! = Factorial

x = number of successes of the event

µ = mean distribution of the event

It can be coded as follows

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

double factorial(int n) {

  int fact = 1;

  for (int i = 1; i<=n; i++) fact *= i;

  return fact;

}

float poisson(int r, float mean) {

  return (exp((-1) * mean) * pow(mean,r))/factorial(r);

}

int main(int argc, char const *argv[])

{

  printf("%f\n", poisson(1, 1.10));

  return 0;

}

You can also use the Poisson Distribution Calculator for such equations.

Poisson Distribution prediction for match the between Manchester United and Manchester City

Goals	0	1	2	3	4	5
Manchester United	4.73%	14.44%	22.02%	22.39%	17.07%	10.41%
Manchester City	33.28%	36.61%	20.13%	7.38%	2.03%	0.44%
Probability	1.5	5.28	4.43	1.65	0.34	0.23

The possibility that Manchester United and Manchester City would score 1 goal each is 14.44% and 36.61% respectively.

From the above distribution table we can see that the possibility of Manchester city scoring no goal is 4.73 and that of Manchester United is 33.28.

Scoring 2 goals, each for Manchester United and Manchester City is 22.02% and 20.13% respectively.

The possibilities decrease as the number of goals increases to 4 and 5 goals by the individual team.

Taking these number into consideration, the odds of Manchester City winning is high if the number of goals in a match is 0 or 1. But if Manchester United is able to score 2 goals it’s the probability of winning the match increases.

So how is football betting odds made?

Based on the number by distribution table and the probability of these goals in a match, it is clear that a 1-1 draw has the highest possibility of 5.28, followed by 4.43 for a 2-2 draw. But the possibility of Manchester City winning with 1-0 or 2-1 also looks great.

Based on the previous match at Old Trafford, which is the home ground to Manchester United, Manchester City won by 2-1.

Not taking any sides (I support Algorithm), I would put my bet on 1-0 or 1-1 draw in favor of Manchester City.

The disadvantage of using the Poisson equation is that it doesn’t take into consideration external factors like the players/coach changed in transfer windows, the home ground factor, and injured players.

It helps you calculate the distribution only based on the averages of previous occurrences.

But then Elihu Feustel is one such person who makes a million dollars by betting using mathematical algorithms.

This blog has been picked up by the Economic Times Tech

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Top Programming Languages to Learn

How do we determine the most preferred programming languages?

By “most preferred,” we don’t mean that Java is superior to C++ or Python is better than MATLAB. This analysis aims to highlight languages most in demand in the industry and most preferred by users.

Languages like C++, MATLAB, and Java are traditionally taught in technical institutes. However, industry requirements often differ from academic focus areas.

Languages to Learn:

• Javascript
• Java
• Python
• PHP
• R
• Matlab
• Arduino
• Swift

We pulled data from TIOBE, PYPL, Stack Overflow, GitHub, Indeed, Glassdoor, and our own platform at HackerEarth to identify which languages are preferred by developers and most sought after by companies.

TIOBE Index

TIOBE measures language popularity based on search engine queries. In 2016, Java remained #1, followed by C and C++. Visual Basic and Python scored higher than Javascript, and Assembly entered the top 10.

PYPL Index

PYPL ranks languages by how often tutorials are searched on Google. Java leads worldwide, while Python has grown rapidly in popularity. PHP has seen a decline.

Stack Overflow

Stack Overflow is one of the largest programming communities. Based on questions asked, Javascript tops the list, with Node.js and Angular gaining popularity while PHP declines.

GitHub

GitHub's Octoverse report showed Javascript as the most widely used language in repositories, outpacing other languages significantly.

HackerEarth

HackerEarth hosts thousands of coding challenges. Based on internal data from over 1 million users, the most used languages are C++, Java, Python, and C#.

Indeed

Indeed job listings show Java as the most in-demand, followed by PHP, C, and Javascript. R is also gaining traction.

Glassdoor

Glassdoor job data suggests Java remains top for job demand. Developers increasingly prefer R, while Python and Perl are rising in usage.

Recommended Programming Languages for 2017

• Javascript: Essential for web development. Widely used for frontend interactions and effects.
• Java: Backbone of Android apps and financial systems. Known for speed and performance.
• R: Perfect for statistics and data analysis, with rising job market demand.
• MATLAB: Regaining popularity due to analytics and scientific computing needs.
• SQL: Crucial for database management. A must-have for data-focused roles.
• Arduino: Vital for IoT and embedded systems, based on C/C++.
• Swift: Apple's modern programming language for iOS/macOS app development.

These languages are expected to be in high demand in the near future. Others won’t vanish, but these are currently trending in the developer and employer communities.

Read more: Best countries to work as a developer